Subversion And Perversion In Two Gentlemen Of Verona and The Jew Of Mal

Disruption and corruption are both unmistakably passed on in both Two Gentlemen of Verona and The Jew of Malta through various mediums. Disruption involves the restriction to cultural guidelines and authority while corruption happens when ethical quality and strict perspectives are negated. The utilization of strictly emblematic articles, joke, sexual insinuation, deception and incongruity are the central issues used to communicate corruption and disruption in this paper. Frequently when a peruser or the crowd is stunned by topics and occurrences happening in plays, it is because of an inclination evoked when one is faced with clear resistance to religion, ethical quality, legislative issues and society. Two Gentlemen of Verona utilize the joke of high society vainglory, rough and unseemly sexual allusion to undermine and unreasonable the subject of marriage. Launce constantly talks impolitely of his lord, sabotaging the social class request of old style Europe by which hirelings must discuss their bosses with respect and hold them in most noteworthy respect. This undercuts the social chain of importance by the usage of joke that disparages his master’s class. My understandings persuade that the staff in this scene, likely could be in reality an allegorical staff. That is, the staff is code for Launce’s phallus. This is a disruption in that it is socially unsuitable to talk in such a way, thusly it negates societies’ manners, and it likewise is a depravity since it is ethically inaccurate and blasphemy to utilize a commonly strictly critical device as a phallic image. At the point when Launce proclaims: â€Å"My staff comprehends me†, he thinks about his m anliness in sexual terms to insight. He discloses to Speed that his sexual drive and want comprehends what he is stating, ev... ...The vital component drawing these plays together is the common utilization of an emblematically critical item. That is, the staff. The staff is disrespected in the way where job it had been given in the plays. In spite of the fact that it is equivocal, the staff gives off an impression of being an allegorical phallic image in the Two Gentlemen of Verona used to pass on to crudity of Launce’s sees on marriage. On the other hand, in The Jew of Malta, it is utilized in a most impious sense †to deride the Christian confidence. The confidence is disparaged when the staff is utilized satirically to ‘support’ the dead Friar and when Jacomo utilizes it with the goal to kill. This is unequivocally amusing. Therefore this paper has demonstrated how incongruity, affectation, joke and sexual insinuation all fill a similar need in these plays †to challenge the general public by the undercutting and debasing good, strict and political codes.

Treatment electronic media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treatment electronic media - Essay Example Mary is exhausted and lost in torment. Billy, the magnetic leader of the state house visit her to perceive how she is getting along and show his enthusiasm for her. Mary’s absence of energy makes him pitiful, yet he covers his indignation with her present understanding. Lost in anguish and stun, Mary, is kept in a similar living arrangement with ANN, who is likewise a widow. Ann has just found the new way of life. Because of stress and wretchedness, Mary, who have eight months pregnant gotten early work and she brings forth a sound, ricocheting infant kid. The bond between the mother and infant isn't so solid so ANN, hold the little infant kid and nestles her. His name was BOB. Mary recoups gradually as week’s passes by and she acknowledges the new world she joined. The bond among mother and kid begins to develop more grounded after quite a while after and day. ANN offers Mary all help she needs from guidance to help her in the house. ANN discloses to Mary all accounts she knows or she has ever caught wind of the individuals in the state however Mary denies saying she should misrepresent, it can't be valid yet similar individuals have spared her life. They remain together bonds the two like sisters. ANN plan to escape since they have been bolted inside for a long while. They don't have region to this present reality. One night, Ann chooses to escape from the state house at 12 PM, that night she is shot dead. Mary is so stunned at the passing of her solitary sister in the state house. Her anguish returns and she take an asylum with connection with BOB. At whatever point BOB needs to hear tales about his dad Mary didn't have the solidarity to clarify him his dad was dead. She deceives him that his dad disappeared to America quite a while prior, after he discovered that the president needed him dead as he was a senior individual in the administration that time, and she was sure he will come to care for them. This untruth causes her to recuperate the injury of her better half. Billy visits and allot

Neurotherapy Treatment for Addiction

Neurotherapy Treatment for Addiction Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Neurotherapy Treatment for Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 27, 2019 Sciepro/Science Photo Library/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many people facing addiction issues end up relapsing, sometimes several times. In some cases, they can be in and out of rehabilitation programs for years without effectively ending their addiction.   Neurotherapy, also known as neurofeedback, is an approach to therapy that can help successfully end the cycle of addiction.   Why Addictions Are Difficult to Treat Unfortunately, addiction is still associated with some stigmas, with some people thinking addiction is caused by weakness, poor self-control or a lack of discipline. This can cause those struggling with addictions to be filled with guilt, shame, and anxiety, making the path to recovery even more difficult. Addiction is a real physiological condition, which is why it is so hard to treat. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses, 5th edition, the manual used by healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat patients, recognizes addiction as a distinct mental health disorder. Addictive disorders can be severely debilitating, impacting every area of a persons life.   Most treatment models focus on 30-day inpatient stays. However, these programs have a very high relapse rate. More intensive models with a longer duration have higher success rates, but many insurance plans wont cover them. People are left unable to re-acclimate to their normal lives after treatment, increasing the risk of relapse.   What Is Neurotherapy? Unlike other approaches to therapy, neurotherapy treats addiction by focuses on retraining the brain. Many people relapse during times of extreme emotions or stress, so neurotherapy works by teaching techniques that will soothe and calm the brain functions, allowing the person to make rational decisions with a clear mindset.   For some, medication may be used to help reset the brains thinking. This is only a step in recovery and not a long-term solution. Neurotherapy retrains the brain so that even without medication, the person can stay substance-free beyond the 30-day rehabilitation stage.   Neurotherapy is usually included as part of a comprehensive approach to therapy, working alongside other methods like medication, support groups or talk therapy. Studies have shown that when neurotherapy is included in the recovery plan, 85% more of the patients are treated effectively.   How Does It Work? Neurotherapy corrects dysfunctional brain activity that causes irrational behaviors that lead to addiction disorders. Neurotherapy aims to fix the malfunctioning areas linked to arousal, connectivity, and impulse control by replacing these negative behaviors with healthier reactions and habits. This type of therapy requires the patient to be an active participant and helps him or her to be aware of triggers that cause them to engage in addiction. Through neurotherapy, a person gets the necessary tools they need to successfully beat their addiction.   While many people dismiss addictions as a personal weakness, addictive disorders are real and damaging mental illnesses. They require intensive treatment, often involving several different aspects to treat psychological and physiological factors contributing to addiction. Through neurotherapy or neurofeedback, people are given the tools to overcome the malfunctioning of the brain that triggers addictive behaviors. Neurotherapy gives them the chance to beat their addiction, and not relapse, for the long-term.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Socrates s Theory Of Knowledge - 1130 Words

In Socrates’ work, Phaedo, transcribed by Plato, Socrates is in jail after loosing his trial. He has been sentenced to death, and is now awaiting to be put to death. On the day of his death, Socrates is visited by a few of his followers who have been loyal for a long time. Fearing his death, they have a last conversation with Socrates trying to get some of the last philosophical knowledge out of him that they can get. In this conversation, Socrates tells his interlocutors a lot about life and virtue. During his final conversation, Socrates mentions that knowledge is a process of recollection, knowledge is present in the soul of the body, and that when knowledge is present, it allows us to make choices to ensure that there is right amounts of moderation in our life to lead a virtuous life. Before getting into his account of knowledge, Socrates has to first get his followers to agree with an underlying principle that must be true in order for his definition of knowledge to work. This is the fact that there are two parts of a human: the body, and the soul. While the body dies, the soul does not. The soul can live on forever. Socrates proves this theory while talking with Cebes. Cebes is not too sure about his thought that the soul is alive before the body. Socrates brings out the argument of opposites. He claims that for everything has an opposite, and there is a special process that exists that transforms it from one state to another (Phaedo 71a-d). He then carries on thisShow MoreRelatedSocrates s Theory Of Knowledge895 Words   |  4 PagesIn Phaedo, Socrates argued that knowledge is not learned, but recollected. Socrates used the example of sticks and stones, proving that our perception of the stones change. The stones may look equal from one angle, but different from another angle. This proves that we understand Equality, but Equality does not exist in the real world because it cannot be a real object. Socrates stated â€Å"we must then possess knowl edge of the Equal before that time we first saw the equal objects and realized that allRead MoreSocrates s Theory Of Recollection1216 Words   |  5 PagesI will show that Socrates answer to Meno s paradox was unsuccessful. First, I will explain what Meno s paradox is and how the question of what virtue is was raised. Second, I will explain Socrates attempt to answer the paradox with his theory of recollection and how he believes the soul is immortal. Third, I will provide an argument for why his response was unsuccessful. This will involve looking at empirical questions, rather than non-empirical questions and how Socrates theory of recollectionRead MorePlato s The Meno, A Greek Philosopher And The Wisest Of All People1216 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 11/4/14 Topic 1 In Plato’s The Meno, Socrates, who was a Greek philosopher and considered one of the wisest of all people expresses his views on the relationship between knowledge and virtue. In todays era, virtue is defined as having good morals as a human being. Knowledge is defined as factual information and skills that are acquired by a person through experience or education. Together Socrates makes a statement and or beliefs, that virtue is knowledge because if you know what is right, youRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato : The Essential Themes Of The Meno1633 Words   |  7 Pagesessential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the context of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato s earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage i n his own thought). Nonetheless, in order to understand the aims and achievementsRead MoreIs Plato s Theory Of Recollection A Plausible Solution For Meno s Paradox Of Knowledge?960 Words   |  4 Pages1301.001 Word Count: Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection a plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? The general topic is Plato’s theory of recollection. Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection the plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? Throughout many of his dialogues Plato often concludes that we cannot know something through our senses. He often concludes that we became acquainted with our knowledge in a previous existence. In Meno, Socrates states that, â€Å"As the soul is immortalRead MoreSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pages forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were two key individuals credited for their roles in the advent of Classical philosophy. Men in ancient Greece lived relatively privileged lives (save for war, disease, and lack of indoor plumbing), giving rise to a class of people able to devote time to leisurely pursuits and intellectual inquiry. Indeed, Socrates and Aristotle were far from the only free men in ancient Greece to contemplate truthRead More Plato s Theory Of Recollection1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe general topic is Plato’s theory of recollection. Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection the plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? Throughout many of his dialogues Plato often concludes that we cannot know something through our senses. He often concludes that we became acquainted with our knowledge in a previous existence. In Meno, Socrates states that, â€Å"As the soul is immortal, has been born often, and has seen all things here and in the underworld, there is nothing which it has not learned;Read MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 PagesGreek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and shows his views on the world. Throughout his personal life, writings, and dialogues, Plato shows his value of knowledge and how each of his writings impacted the morals of people in the society. Plato was born in 427 BCE in Athens whichRead MoreSocrates World Views1549 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates Paper The goal of this paper is to discern and construct the world views of Socrates through the various readings, lectures and videos that we have seen in class. Some of these sources include: Socrates by G. Rudebusch; excerpts from The Last Days of Socrates by Plato; and The Allegory of a Cave. Of the nine world views covered in class, I will delve into my interpretation of four of them as seen through the various sources that we have been exposed to in class. These four world views willRead MoreAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Golden Mean 1109 Words   |  5 Pageshuman knowledge in existence during his time, and he was the founder of many new fields. Aristotle was one of the most influential of the ancient Greek philosophers. Aristotle s theory of the Golden Mean was found in his work, Nicomachean Ethics. This theory has also been expressed by other philosophers and in mythological tales, specifically the tale of Daedalus and Icarus. Others ways this theory has been expressed is inscribed at the temple of Delphi, Theano, student of Pythagoras, Socrates and

Radicalism of the American Revolution - 990 Words

In the book Radicalism of the American Revolution, written by Gordon S. Wood, the author states, The Revolution was the most radical and far reaching event in American history.† What about the American Revolution made it so â€Å"radical?† Wood believes it to be so radical because it not only brought change politically from British monarch to American rule which is what we are used to, but it also brought about changes in the basic structure of American society. Within the revolution there was more than just a war, there was a total change to the way that Americans lived and presented themselves. This movement made America the way it is today. Gordon S. Wood, a graduate of Tufts University and Harvard, wrote many books about American history, specifically in the beginning of our nation. He also taught history at Harvard, as well as One Day University. Gordon Wood is seen as an icon when the topic of American history arises. Few have been praised as highly as he for his work in history, and he will be forever remembered as one of the greats in his field (Fischer). In The Radicalism of the American Revolution, Wood splits his main points into three separate pieces of the book, the first being Monarchy, second being Republicanism, and third being Democracy. He uses this three distinct â€Å"phases† of the New World to trace the changes throughout time. He begins with the analysis of the eighteenth century with the societies of America and Britain being controlled by a system ofShow MoreRelatedThe Radicalism of the American Revolution529 Words   |  2 Pages In The Radicalism of the American Revolution Gordon Wood attempts to disprove the common thought that the American Revolution was simply a war for independence from a tyrannical mother country. He explains how America formed such a unique from of government. The form that American government took was a collaboration of many different forms that emphasized the rights of individuals. Woods finds it essential to explain colonial life and the factors that dictated people’s lives to understand howRead More Gordon Wood’s Radicalism of the American Revolution Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesGordon Wood’s Radicalism of the American Revolution is a book that extensively covers the origin and ideas preceding the American Revolution. Wood’s account of the R evolution goes beyond the history and timeline of the war and offers a new encompassing look inside the social ideology and economic forces of the war. Wood explains in his book that America went through a two-stage progression to break away from the Monarchical rule of the English. He believes the pioneering revolutionaries were rootedRead MoreThe Beginning of Radicalism in Politics1684 Words   |  7 Pagesterm ‘radicalism’ in 1797 when he declared a radical reform of the electoral system. This led people to use the term to show support for the movement of parliamentary reform. Radicalism was initially confined to the middle and upper classes in the 18th century but the lower classes advanced radicalism in the early 1800’s. Radicalism began for many reasons. The Scottish people began to see radical change through the Scottish enlightenment, the American Revolution and the French Revolution. IdeasRead MoreThe Black Of Black Ideology1434 Words   |  6 Pageswithin society. Richard Allen s (1760–1831) creation of the African Episcopal Methodist Church in 1794 and W. E. B. DuBois s call for blacks to build on their group strengths in the 1930s or the 1960s era campaigns for community control of African-American communities are examples of protonationalism. Separatism operates on a different level than protonationalism, with more focus on immigration and creating safe, closed spaces for black people. Pushes for the unification of black people into separateRead MoreEssay on A Radical Revolution1343 Words   |  6 Pageswrites Rosemarie Zagarri, â€Å"is the story of how American women and men sought to define – and ultimately to limit and restrict – the expansive ideals they had so successfully deployed against Britain.† In this excerpt from Revolutionary Backlash, Zagarri depicts the extreme radicalism of the American Revolution, while also suggesting that there were some constraints to its extremism. Unlike the normal way of life in European government and society, Americans desired a nation in which the inherent rightsRead MoreAnalysis of Linda Kerber’s Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America 690 Words   |  3 Pages Linda Kerber’s Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America was a refreshing historian analysis of the role of women in our nation’s history. In the early Revolution eras, the political role of women was nonexistent due to the traditional roles held by the patriarchal society the colonists lived in for most of their years. Kerber intertwined her book with an intelligent analysis, but also conveys this analysis in a clear way so that reader can comprehend further. ThroughoutRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreRadicalism and Revolutions Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, revolutions have started because of new ideas that change thinking and disrupt what has come to be considered normal. During 1700s, the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions were no exception. The Enlightenment ideas that were spreading around this time lead people of these three nations to question their ruling elites, and to begin considering breaking free. Of these three, though, no one revolt can be seen as more radical when compared to the other two. Each was faced withRead MoreRadical and Reform Movements in American History1999 Words   |  8 Pagesconflict over the inability of a foreign power to govern an overseas territories without proper representation in the foreign power’s government. This conflict, The American Revolution, may be the first significant radical movement in the history of the United States. However, the American Revolution led to unprecedented reforms in North American society. The Civil War, another significant example of a radical movement in the United States, began as a conflict over the issue of states rights. However, itRead MoreHegels Contradiction in Human History Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Ideologies are born as human’s interpretation of the world and belief system, also an endeavor to seek the truth of human nature. Ideologies emerge throughout the periods of great changes: the Enlightenment, the English â€Å"Glorious† Revolution, the American Revolution, etc. They have become the motivations, the standards, and the roots to modern political systems. Their roots are the philosophies developed by famous philosophers throughout the time. However, as each ideology is developed, its own

Backup Free Essays

Backup or backing up refers to the process of making copies of data to save and restore the original data incase of loss event also known as disaster recovery. Backup is so important in view of the fact that loss of data often happen in most machine users as their computers are habitually in the high risk of going wrong, failure in the hard disk does happen. The most common problems today that may result in loss of data are the threat to viruses. We will write a custom essay sample on Backup or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although some viruses do not affect the file or the computer itself, some does and may even infect the hard disks of your computer resulting in data loss. David Smith estimated that 6% of all the personal computers suffer data loss every year (Boston Computing Network, 2010). Also, about 31% of PC users have experience data loss due to uncontrollable events (Boston Computing Network, 2010). When do you take backup (daily, weekly, on significant changes to data)? I personally do not set a specific schedule for backing up files because it has my habit to save a copy of important data. I also backup files when I make changes to them and so there is no need to have a schedule time for taking backup of files. In case of accidental loss of data, I do not have to worry since I have copies of all the files that are important to me. Do you schedule backups automatically? If so how? If not, how can you be sure to do them? No, I do not schedule automatic backups. As I have mentioned, it has been my habit to take backups whenever significant changes are made to my files. Thus, I am certain to have copies of all the files that I need. How do you take backup – manually, using the Copy facilities in the Windows Explorer? If so, describe the process; or do you have some other backup program? If so, what is it, and why do you like to use it? I take backups manually. I have to plug the storage device and manually save the data in order to create copies of it. I do not use back programs since I do not view taking backup as a task but rather I see it as an enjoyable thing to do since it gives me the certainly that in cases of data loss, I always have a copy. Where do you store the backup files (ie on what device and in what physical location) and why did you make that choice? Include costs, if any)? I have two primary devices used for data storage; flash disk and external hard disk. I used the flask disk for files that require changing in a short period of time, mostly school stuffs. On the other hand, I use the external hard disk for files that I rarely use as well as for large volume files. Still, I also use CDR’s for data that I wish not to be changed, mostly program files and installers. In the case that I am employed and required to use my personal computer for work related task, the only threat that I see is the privacy which can easily be handled by organizing files and folders. I believe that there would be no significant changes that must be done but I would need another hard disk in order to maintain that organization of my files. My original hard disk will be used for the backups of my personal files while the other will be used for work related documents. I would also have to change the allotment on my PC in order to cope with the changes. I will have to create partitions on the disks in order separate personal to work use: one partition for work use, one for personal use and another extra partition for other files. My flash disk would serve the same purpose as before, for files that often requires changes but both for personal and work related task. Thus, the only cost associated with the changes is another external hard disk for work related files as well as the time for making necessary changes. How to cite Backup, Papers

William Shakespeare (Essay) Example For Students

William Shakespeare (Essay) Ask anyone who Shakespeare was, and he or she will immediately rattle off at least three different plays that were required readings in English, not to mention a few blockbuster movies bearing his name. Many revere the works of Shakespeare as paramount in the world of literature, dedicating entire books, classes and festivals to the study and celebration of his work. Although the ancient language is a common stumbling block for even the most seasoned readers, his varied tales of love, hate, fear, betrayal, laughter, defeat and victory are just as fitting today as they were four hundred years ago. He is amazingly timeless. Yet, while we might know what Shakespeare is, will we ever really know who Shakespeare was? Ah, theres the rub!Much about the Bard is a mystery to even the most scholarly enthusiasts. The hard facts that are actually known about him could fill one neatly handwritten page, but what is speculated and complete legend could fill volumes of books. So, what is fact and wh at is fiction? According to the little documentation that chronicles his life, Shakespeare was not even a true Shakespeare at all; he was born in April 1596 and entered in the baptismal record as Gulielmus filius Johannis Shakespeare. Even his actual date of birth is somewhat of a mystery. While we do know that he was baptized on April 26th, 1564, there is no existing record of his birth date. We can assume that he was born on April 23rd judging by the customary three-day period that most families waited before baptizing their children, but this is only speculation. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeare () specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Since the records of the Stratford grammar school have not survived, we cannot prove that Shakespeare attended school. In all actuality, we have no evidence that he was even literate. His father had no educational training, so it is quite possible that he also lacked in schooling, but thats only guesswork. The next piece of hard information that we come across in our search is a register entry showing a Wm. Shakspere being granted a license to marry Anne Whateley on November 27, 1582. The very next day this same register records a marriage bond issued to William Shakespeare and Anne Hathwey. Six months later Anne gave birth to their first child, daughter Susanna Shakespeare, and then in February 1585 she gave birth to twins, Hamnet and Judith. It is presumed that Shakespeare made it to London around 1595 to begin his career in the theatre, but the exact date is not known for sure. Just as mysterious is his reason why he left his wife and children alone in Stratford. Sadly, Hamnet die d in August of 1596, and from that point forward we have no more information regarding his family until 1616, the year of his death. There are enough legal documents and theatre records, though, to know that Shakespeare goes on to possess a generous amount of real estate, hold shares in an acting company that built the Globe Theatre, and become a principal player in the acting group The Kings Men (A Midsummer Nights Dream xxx-xxxi). There are many theories and stories floating around that seem to fill in the gaping holes in his timeline, but since this information doesnt appear in a register or on a playbill, we dont know what is fact or fiction. On January 25th, 1616, Shakespeare signs his will in three places leaving the majority of his estate to his eldest daughter, Susanna, and his second-best bed to his wife (All Shakespeare). He died three months later on April 23rd, and was buried in Stratford, yet his name does not appear on the stone over his grave. According the web site All Shakespeare, his supposed tombstone reads:Good friend for Iesus Sake forbeareTo dig the dust encloased heare:Blest be ye man yt spares thes stonesAnd curst be he yet moves my bones. It doesnt sound very Shakespearian, does it?Seven years after his death his collected plays were published as Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, Tragedies (the work now known as the First Folio) (Midsummer Nights Dream xxxii). Everything beyond this is myth and legend, which most certainly adds to the attraction of his works. His brilliant writing can only be enhanced by the mystery surrounding his life. The question is, was it really his brilliant writing? Many theories exist regarding who the author really is, with over eighty Elizabethans put forward since the middle of the eighteenth century as the true Shakespeare, including Queen Elizabeth herself. Only four have merited serious consideration, though: Sir Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, William Stanley (Sixth Earl of Derby), and Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford (Shakespeare-Oxford). For the sake of space, (and personal preference), this paper will focus on the possibility of de Veres authorship, as well as the limitations on Shakespeares true authorship of the works. Contrasting the life of William Shakespeare, much is known about the life of Edward de Vere. He was born on April 12th, 1550 in Essex at Castle Hedingham as the 17th Earl of Oxford. As in Hamlet, his mother remarried in haste upon his fathers untimely death, making him ward of the court, and subsequently placed into the care of William Cecil (Lord Burghl ey), Lord Treasurer of England. As a teenager a Latin scholar (whose English translation of Ovids Metamorphoses is the second most influential work for Shakespeare, next to the bible), tutored him. By the age of twenty, de Vere had received two masters degrees from Queens College in Cambridge, and studied law for three years at Grays Inn. Once Cecil could wield power over the young Earl of Oxford, he broke off a previous marriage contract and instead betrothed him to his daughter Anne for the political advancement of the Cecil clan. Although the marriage produced three surviving daughters, it was not a happy one; Anne died in 1588 (Shakespeare-Oxford). De Vere is listed as the first among the poets of the Elizabethan period, and was also an active dramatist at the time. He maintained a band of tumblers as well as two theatre companies, Oxfords Boys and Oxfords Men, throughout the 1580s. He held an ardent interest in learning, and had 33 works of literature dedicated to him. He had a passion for travel, was a patron to the arts, and generally was a favorite in the court. In short, he was well educated and traveled, and had a strong knowledge of the inner workings of the court. So far, he seems to be at least qualified to have written the works of Shakespeare. .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 , .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .postImageUrl , .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 , .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:hover , .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:visited , .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:active { border:0!important; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:active , .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87 .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2933f990740e9651b346e6c8c400dd87:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Essay PaperIn the early 1590s de Vere met and married Elizabeth Trentham, one of the Queens maids of honor. In 1592 she bore their only child, Henry, who was heir to the earldom, but by this time he was deeply in debt and had lost all of his inherited estates. He died in June of 1604, and is presumably buried in buried in St. Augustines church, although there is also testimony that he lies buried in Westminster. So you ask, Why not the Shakespeare of Stratford? Why not just accept his authorship? Its not so much what he we know about him that is troublesome, but its what we dont know about him that makes it difficult to believe he could be the author of some of the greatest works in the history of mankind. In the time when the plays and writings of Shakespeare were tremendously popular, not a single person in the Elizabethan age directly addresses the identity of Shakespeare. In an age of letters and letter writing, nobody we know of ever corresponded with Shakespeare, and in an age of books, no record, not even Shakespeares will, ever points to his owning or using a single book (Van Duyn). His will, noted for its detailed disposition of his worldly possessions, there is no mention of manuscripts or anything of literary interest. Historys greatest manhunt has only netted six examples of the mans handwriting: all of the signatures on legal documents writing by other people, and all spelled in different ways. Incidentally, the first syllable in all of these signatures is spelled Shak, whereas the published plays and poems consistently spell the name Shake (Shakespeare-Oxford). In 1920 Thomas Looney published a book titled Shakespeare Identified in Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, which was the first to identify the Earl of Oxford as the author of the works by William Shakespeare. From this book sparked a wildfire of debate surrounding the issue of authorship, creating passionate supporters on either side of the issue. The Oxfordians, as de Veres many supporters are known, have long ago established their own society and remain dedicate to the cause of proving his authorship. In 1975, the Encyclopedia Britannica (15th edition) commented that, Edward de Vere became in the 20th century the strongest candidate proposed for the authorship of Shakespeares plays (Shakespeare-Oxford). This guy seems to be a contender. The evidence supporting the Earl of Oxford is arguably strong. Whomever wrote the varied works of Shakespeare had to be familiar with a enormous body of knowledge for his time, including such subjects as law, music, foreign languages, the classics, sports and aristocratic manners. There is n o documentation of Shakespeare of Stratford having access to such information (Shakespeare-Oxford). Also, when de Vere was a young man, he spent much time traveling, particularly in Italy, which could explain the great detail used in the Shakespearean plays of Venice, as well as other European locations outside of England. There are no records of the Queen ever granting passage to Shakespeare, or Shakespeare, for travels abroad. Extremely strong evidence in favor of the Oxfordian theory is the acutely accurate knowledge of the inner court circles, as well as the political dealings within the monarchy. Throughout plays depicting royal families, such as King Richard and Hamlet, many inside conspiracies, jokes, and hidden knowledge of family disputes are riddled throughout the dialogues. These things were not common knowledge at the time, and only someone inside of the court could have been able to include it in the plays in such subtle ways. The true author must also have had intimate knowledge of some rare great works of literature. Works such as Venus and Adonis indicate not only knowledge of Goldings translation of Ovids Metamorphoses, but of the original as well, since Venus and Adonis translates many of Ovids lines omitted by Golding. Heres the tie-in to de Vere: Arthur Golding was the Earl of Oxfords uncle and lived in the Cecil household during the time that de Vere was a ward of Cecils. Golding also dedicated two of his other translations to the 17th Earl of Oxford (Shakespeare-Oxford). During the period that one of Edward de Veres daughters was betrothed to marry the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeares epic poems, Venus and Adonis and Lucrece, first appeared bearing a dedication to the Earl of Southampton. According to many scholars, Midsummer Nights Dream first graced the stage at another of de Veres daughters weddings (Van Duyn). In a 1589 book of poetry and poets, there is a mysterious reference to men of the court who have suffered it to be published without their own names to it and goes on to mention Edward de Vere as the best of these courtier poets if only his doings would be found out and made public with the rest. When Oxford passed away in 1604, King James had eight Shakespeare plays produced at court as a final tribute. When his widow died nine years later, fourteen Shakespeare plays were produced in tribute. Then in 1623, when two brothers put Shakespeares First Folio together, one of the men happened to be de Veres son-in-law. There are also many similarities between the works of Shakespeare and the life of de Vere. For example, in 1573 de Vere and several of his friends would play pranks and tricks on travelers along the same road between Rochester and Gravesend where prince Hals companions from the Boars Head Tavern did likewise in Henry IV, Part 1. (As a side note, its interesting that the Vere family crest featured a boars head on it.) Another more obvious example is the striking similarities between Hamlet and the actual life of the Earl of Oxford. Its practically an autobiography. Scholars have agreed that William Cecil inspired the character of Polonius, and the death of the King quickly followed by the Queens marriage reflects de Veres own parental circumstances. .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e , .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .postImageUrl , .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e , .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:hover , .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:visited , .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:active { border:0!important; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:active , .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub24f7786541f8d6221263b4e3949be3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Klee EssayThe similarities also exist in the Shakespearean Sonnets as well. In Sonnet 37 and 66 he speaks of a frustrating lameness, not once, but several times. William Shakespeare may have been many things, but nowhere has it been documented that he was injured in a way that would have rendered him lame. On the other hand, de Vere was involved in a knife fight with a man named Knyvet who was seeking revenge on an illegitimately borne child by his cousin Ann Vavasour. The fight did produce a gaping wound on de Veres leg, and the illegitimate child created a temporary fall from the Queens grace and time served in the Tower of London. The most recent and compelling evidence that has been found supporting the Earl of Oxford lies in the studies of a graduate student Roger Stritmatter. He has spent the last five years researching the Shakespeare authorship question, and in the process discovered de Veres hand-annotated copy of the bible. It contains more than a hundred verses marked by de Vere that are also recognized by scholars today as primary biblical references in Shakespeares work. For instance, In Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 3,hamlet states that He took my father grossly, full of bread. The words full of bread have long been recognized by scholars as a reference to Ezekiel chapter 16, verse 49. Over a span of over 300 verses in the book of Ezekiel, he marks only one: Ezekiel 16:49. Another example is in King Henry IV, Part Two; the character Falstaff delivers the insult whoreson Achitophel! This is a direct reference to II Samuel 16:23, which de Vere underlined. In The Merry Wives of Windsor Falstaff brags, I fear no t Goliath with a weavers beam. Not only is has de Vere marked the scriptural source; he also underlined the words weavers beam within the biblical verse (Van Duyn). Granted, quoting Jesus from the scriptures is not exactly remarkable, but these are not common scriptures- they are ones that are arcane. Its beyond coincidence. Ironically, his bible was found in the great Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, and has been there since 1925. While it might be easy for many to accept Edward de Veres authorship of the Shakespearean works, the more difficult question to answer is why he wouldnt sign his own name to the works. Many theories exist regarding this, one of which is that the subject matter in his works (killing a king and queen, for example) made it necessary to distance the writer from the work. Another is that it was unacceptable for courtiers to produce written works, so he paid Shakespeare to allow him to use his name on de Veres manuscripts. Sadly, this is a small but important fact that we will probably never know. But there again lies the beauty of the Shakespeare mystery. Although the subject of the true authorship of Shakespeares literature will probably never be laid to rest, it will always contribute to the enjoyment of studying his work. Students of the subject are compelled to read and re-read the plays and sonnets in an attempt to gain a better understanding of who was holding the pen. Debates involving fact and fiction keep the name Shakespeare in constant movement, reminding us that we have not outgrown him, not even after four hundred years. The writing of Shakespeare, whomever Shakespeare is, is a gift for us to continue unwrapping, and pass down to our children to appreciate as well. One must hope that the mystery will never be solved, so that it may never lose its magic. WORKS CITEDCharters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer. 5th (ed). Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins, 1999. What a great book of short stories. I find myself feeling the lives of each short story. It gave powerful information that I used through out my speech. Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Nights Dream. New York: Washington Square Press, 1996. I originally read this in high school and again I found myself reading it to use it in my paper. In this play Shakespeare tries to entertain us with supernatural beings in a forest who more or less take humans under their influence to make them enjoy life and love as the only aims of humanity. Shakespeare Oxford Society. 27 Jun. 2001. http://www.shakespeare-oxford.comThis web sight was very useful in many ways. It had information on skeptics who have viewed Shakespeares work, a Shakespeare discussion page where you can go to talk basically about anything having to relate to Shakespeare, and it also helped me out a lot because it linked to a lot of other Shakespeare websites. Ogburn, Charlton. The Mysterious William Shakespeare: The Myth the Reality, New York: Simon Schuster Inc. 1992This is the finest work on the authorship question. If you have the patience, you will read the entire bulk of evidence backing up the idea that De Vere was in fact William Shakespeare. This book was amazing and it gave me loads of facts about De Vere and Shakespeare. Loney, J. Thomas. Shakespeare Identified in Edward De Vere, Seventeenth Earl of Oxford, and the Poems of Edward De Vere. Lancaster, Pennsylvania Star Publishers. 1976. This book introduced the new idea that an aristocrat named Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (1550- 1604), wrote the works of Shakespeare under a false name. Oxford is now considered the leading candidate for the authorship of the Shakespeare rule largely because of the influence this book has had. Words/ Pages : 3,080 / 24

The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing Essays

The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing Essays The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing Paper The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing Paper Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft) Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Peter Mell Timothy Grance NIST Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft) Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Peter Mell Timothy Grance C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 January 2011 U. S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. Patrick D. Gallagher, Director Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U. S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) 7 pages (January. 2011) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. ii Acknowledgements The authors Peter Mell and Timothy Grance of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) would like to thank the many experts in industry and government who contributed their thoughts to the creation and review of this definition. We especially acknowledge Murugiah Souppaya and Lee Badger, also of NIST, whose advice and technical insight assisted this effort. Additional acknowledgements will be added upon the final publication of this guideline. iii 1. 1. 1 Introduction Authority The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed this document in furtherance of its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, Public Law 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets; but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), â€Å"Securing Agency Information Systems,† as analyzed in A-130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in A-130, Appendix III. This guideline has been prepared for use by Federal agencies. It may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis and is not subject to copyright, though attribution is desired. Nothing in this document should be taken to contradict standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on Federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority, nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other Federal official. 1. 2 Purpose and Scope The purpose of this publication is to provide the NIST definition of cloud computing. NIST intends this informal definition to enhance and inform the public debate on cloud computing. Cloud computing is still an evolving paradigm. Its definition, use cases, underlying technologies, issues, risks, and benefits will be refined and better understood with a spirited debate by the public and private sectors. This definition, its attributes, characteristics, and underlying rationale will evolve over time. 1. 3 Audience The intended audience is people adopting the cloud computing model or providing cloud services. 2. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e. g. , networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. Essential Characteristics: On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider. Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e. g. , mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e. g. , country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out, and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Measured Service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability1 at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e. g. , storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. Service Models: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e. g. , web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 1 Typically through a pay-per-use business model. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of s elect networking components (e. g. , host firewalls). Deployment Models: Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e. g. , mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e. g. , cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 3

ACT Strategies

Extracurricular Strong Students College Admissions and SAT / ACT Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have great extracurriculars? Maybe you’re captain of the football team or president of a top debate team. Your approach to college admissions will be quite different than a typical student’s, and your SAT / ACT prep process should be uniquely tailored to you. In this article, we talk about what unique opportunities you have in test prep and what traps you should avoid. In this guide, first we'll discuss the different academic and extracurricular strengths students can have and which categories you fit into. We'll also go over why extracurriculars are important to colleges and why certain schools care about them more than others. In the next sections, we'll discuss specific strategies you can follow based on the strength of your extracurriculars and academics. Our final section is for students who are being recruited or otherwise meet special admissions requirements. How Good Do You Have to Be? The best way to approach admissions and test prep depends on two factors: extracurriculars and academics. First, are you relatively good at extracurriculars (think captain of the chess team), or are you truly stellar (think second-best high school football player inthe entire US)? Second, are you already doing well academically (90 percentile or higher on SAT/ACT) or are you more towards the middle? We'll define each of these terms below and give you advice that best fits your situation. Extracurriculars For this article, Relatively Good extracurriculars means that your percentile in an extracurricular is at least three times as good as your academics. For example, if you are an 85th percentile academic (perhaps a GPA of 3.8 unweighted), then you are Relatively Good in extracurriculars if you are at least a 95th percentile in extracurriculars. Likewise, if you are 97th percentile academically (perhaps a GPA of 3.95 unweighted), then you’re relatively strong in extracurriculars if you’re in the 99th percentile. Having Relatively Good extracurriculars is a challenge, and it does make you stand out. Conversely, for Stellar extracurriculars, I’m not talking about being the president of a chess team that you started with five people. I’m not talking about winning second place in a county track meet. You need to be ranked in the top 500 in the country in a popular area (e.g. football, math, debate), or you need to be ranked top 50 in a less popular area (e.g. javelin throwing, Model UN). When calculating these rankings, do it honestly. Don’t kid yourself by making artificial categories. Top 500 in touch football doesn’t count, nor does being top 500 in the uncommon Mandelbrot math competition. If you have to ask whether you’re within the top500, I would play it safe and count yourself out for now (but you can always improve!). Those who are clearly ranked in the top 500 of a popular extracurricular will know without having to mull over the question for hours. Academics Finally, different advice applies to students with strong academic baselines versus those who are more moderate academically. For the purpose of this article, we define a strong academic baseline as someone performing at the 90th percentile forboth their GPA and SAT / ACT score. That is, you’ve looked up your SAT percentile or ACT percentile, and it’s above 90. You’ve also asked your guidance counselor for your class rank, or informally polled your classmates, and you’ve found that that you’re performing at least 90th percentile there too. Those who are performing much less than this have a standard or moderate academic baseline. Of course, there is some flexibility here. Some may say 80th percentile is a strong baseline, and if you’re targeting an institution outside of the US News top 20, this is true. A GPA or class rank that’s 70th percentile or lower is probably no longer strong enough for the definition of this article. Why Do Colleges Care About Extracurriculars? Which Colleges Care More? To begin understanding why students with great extracurriculars are viewed differently by colleges, it’s useful to review the ideas behind why colleges even look for extracurriculars in the first place. Extracurriculars, in general, allow great colleges to have a student body that is more than just students who did well in school.Colleges have their own values, often shaped by the social landscape to which they belong. They may care about social impact, richness of student character, diversity of student body, and so on. Extracurriculars are the method by which colleges select students in furtherance of these values that they hold. However, colleges, at their core, are academic institutions. They believe the most important things are academic: learning subjects, doing well in classes, furthering knowledge through research, etc. Colleges generally value academics more than other areas. This is demonstrated by their emphasis of SAT/ACT scores and GPAs over other applicant qualities like extracurriculars. Think of academics and extracurriculars as being in a â€Å"pyramid of college needs." The academic layer is the lower half, and extracurriculars are the higher half. Colleges want to fill the lower half before filling the upper half.Only colleges that have already had their fill of strong academics will start caring more about extracurriculars.Analogously, in humans, we say that eating is a more fundamental need than watching a movie. If we don’t have a movie and we’re starving, we look for food first. Only if we have enough food do we start caring about the movie. Figure: The hierarchy of college needs. Academics come before extracurriculars. With this model, it’s easy to see why the top colleges care disproportionately more about extracurriculars.The top colleges (generally defined as US News top 50), can already get their full fill of strong academics. There are hundreds of thousands of students every year with GPAs above 3.8 unweighted or with ACT scores above 30 (SAT scores above 1300). These strong academics are more than enough to fill the academic needs of top colleges. Therefore, these top colleges will start using extracurriculars more to differentiate students. If you’re already strong academically, then you’ll likely be targeting higher ranked schools, and your extracurriculars will matter more. Conversely, colleges ranked below 50 in US News (which can still be great colleges for a number of reasons) will care a lot more about academics. If you’re performing only mediocre academically, extracurriculars won’t carry you (unless you are specially recruited, as we’ll discuss below). The next part of this guide will give you specific strategies depending on your current academic status. If your grades and test scores are about average, read the next section for Moderate Academics. If your grades and test scores put you in at least the 90th percentile, skip two sections down to the section for Strong Academics. The final section is for students who are being recruited or who otherwise have special admissions requirements. Moderate Academic Baseline? Shore Up Your ACT / SAT First! As we saw above, your extracurriculars will only really matter if you're great academically as well. Academics and extracurriculars complement each other. After all, the top-ranked schools care about extracurriculars the most, and only then in students who already have a good academic baseline. If you're not currently in the 90th percentile academically, the advice in this section applies to you, regardless of whether your extracurriculars are Relatively Good or Stellar. As we mentioned previously, our rough cutoff to be academically moderate is being below the 90th percentile on the SAT / ACT. If you’re less than that cutoff academically, the most important thing you can do for college admissions is improve your SAT / ACT score and GPA while maintaining your extracurriculars. The further you are from that 90th percentile transition point, the more important academics become. In the extreme, if you’re scoring average or below average academically (ACT 20 out of 36, SAT 1000 out of 1600), your admissions will depend nearly entirely on your academics. Now, how do you solve this? Of course, don’t lose your extracurricular it will be important to admissions later. Also, if you’re so good at this activity, you probably do it because you enjoy it too. However, recognize that, if you’re mediocre academically, you should mainly focus on improving those scores. How will shoring up your academics be different from normal students trying to raise their grades? For one, since you have a great extracurricular going on, that presumably takes up a lot of time. Therefore, you want to increase your academics in the most efficient way possible. This often means that SAT / ACT prep is probably the best way to improve. Just a few hours of study will increase your points substantially and move you up a few percentiles. It’s not uncommon to see a gain of 20 percentiles on the SAT or ACT in return for just 40 hours of study. Contrast that with improving your GPA. Suppose you put in 40 extra hours on your academics. Over the course of your high school career, between classwork and homework, you’re already putting in over 4000 hours of work into academics. An extra 40 hours moves your GPA less than 1 percent! Maybe your GPA will go up from a 3.50 to a 3.53 barely moving the needle. When it comes to time efficiency for college admissions, classes andGPAs are often a wasteland. Thus, the conclusion is that, if you’re not doing superb academically, definitely work to improve that first. Regardless of whether your extracurriculars are Stellar or Relatively Good, if your academics aren't great, the best way to improve your college chances is to work on improving your academics. And, as we explained above, the easiest and fastest way to significantly improve your academics is through ACT / SAT prep. Strong Academically? Here’s What You Should Do Now, suppose you are already performing at the 90th percentile on both your GPA and the SAT / ACT. That’s great news because you have a goodshot at the top 50 US News ranked schools. This is when your extracurricular will start to shine! First, your extracurricular will be the differentiator at this point, so make sure whatever strategy you do, you don’t ruin your main selling point, your main extracurricular strength. If you are in tennis, I would avoid doing activities that injure your arm. If you’re trying to improve academics, then realize that 90th percentile is already good, and be careful not to take any actions that will endanger your special strength. For example, suppose you are a US ranked tennis player. Your GPA is above the 90th percentile, but your ability to write essays about world literature is merely average. You are considering missing some tennis practice sessions to take an essay-writing improvement course. My strong advice: Don’t do it. Your ability to write a bit better about Shakespeare won’t make an impact on college admissions, whereas your tennis ability will. You should understand at this point that colleges will care more about quality than quantity of extracurriculars.Being state-ranked (top 100) in debate and also state-ranked in math is far worse than being nationally-ranked in just one of the categories. Choose one or two things that you are especially good at. Once you go into the â€Å"three somewhat good extracurriculars† area, you seem like a dilettante to colleges, a negative. If you’re good at three or more activities, focus on the one that you’re strongest in, you’re making the most progress in, or that is most recognized by colleges. Thus, my number one advice to you is to focus on that one great extracurricular. At this point, if you’re Relatively Good at an extracurricular, you want to turn that into a Stellar. If you are already Stellar, you want to improve your rank even more. There are two cases when you should still pay attention to academics. First, you should always pick the low hanging fruit. If an easy project or essay comes your way that will boost your score by a lot for very little work, you should definitely still do it. You should also still invest in some SAT / ACT prep, whether by yourself or some other way.Studies show that the first few hours of prep improve your score by the most. While some students study hundreds of hours, 40 hours of prep often is very low-hanging fruit for you to pick to improve your application by a lot. Also, if you are very Stellar already (but not recruited I’ll talk about recruited below), it is worth re-examining your academics. If you are in the Stellar category, you’re probably in the top 0.1 percentile in terms of extracurriculars. If you are just â€Å"merely† top 90th percentile in academics, then your academics are still trailing behind. In that case, it’s worthwhile to push your academics harder still getting up to 98th or 99th percentile. This doesn’t mean a perfect score: you just need to get around a 1500 out of 1600 on the SAT or a 33 out of 36 on the ACT. Again, ACT / SAT Prep is your friend for the above goal. Being Stellar, you likely won’t have much time to invest. Because ACT / SAT prep is a relatively fast way to boost your percentile, it’s a great fit for you. Extra Advice for Students Stellar at Extracurriculars: Recruitment and Special Slots All students who are strong in extracurriculars have an advantage. Usually this advantage is implicit, a wink or a nod from an admissions officer approving of your math team trophy or debate win. However, for some students who are truly stellar, the implicit becomes explicit. A nudge turns into a likely letter. Waffling about flexibility in ACT scores turns into explicit ACT cutoffs. Therefore, if you are really Stellar in an extracurricular, you should look to see if you have explicit special admissions requirements. Special admissions requirements are more advantageous, so you should definitely find out about this if you can. If you’re a Stellar athlete, I would talk to your coach, your local association, your trainer, or even the school you’re interested in attending. Athletes in popular sports like football, baseball, basketball, and so forth especially are recruited. If you are a top athlete looking to continue playing for a college team, this section applies to you! Special admissions requirements also apply for Stellar students of non-athletic fields. For example, if you are a stellar scorer on the USA Math Olympiad (USAMO), both MIT and Caltech have relaxed admissions requirements. Caltech, in fact, explicitly asks for USAMO type scores. Students admitted to the prestigious RSI science community are even given guaranteed admissions to MIT and Caltech. There is no single rule when it comes to explicit special admissions for stellar students. Explicit special requirements depend on each school and each activity. The special SAT / ACT requirement for a USAMO winner at MIT will look very different from that of a Division 1 recruited football player. The best way to find out more information is by researching your particular field. If you’re stellar in a field, chances are you have much deeper and unique resources than a blog can give you. I should also mention that explicit spots depend very much on school, activity, and year, and the specific interaction of all three parts. If Harvard is looking for a flutist in 2004, being good at the flute will give you a much stronger advantage at Harvard than it would at a similar school (like Yale) not recruiting flutists that year. Similarly, if Harvard has a much greater need for a flutist in 2004 than they do in 2006, a flutist who applies in 2004 will have a much better chance of getting in than a flutist who applies in 2006, even if their applications are identical. If one school offers you explicit admissions requirements one year, don't think all schools will give you the same advantage all years. Luck and timing become are important parts of the process. Once you find out about explicit special requirements, you should follow the specific advice you get from your recruiter or mentor about SAT / ACT guidelines. However, it is very common for recruited students, especially in sports, to need to hit a hard SAT / ACT score quota (which is also called a target, goal, or baseline). Recruited Students: Need to Hit an SAT / ACT Quota? In sports and athletics, it’s very common for the best athletes to have explicit SAT or ACT score cutoffs. This means that a recruiter will call you and literally say that, if you get a 30 on the ACT, you will be admitted. Even if it’s not a guarantee, your chances of admissions jump from 10% to 90% at this hard cutoff. This was the case for one of my tutoring students who was a tennis star, and it’s a very common situation for exceptional athletes to find themselves in. In these cases, you should understand that the reason colleges use the SAT / ACT is because these scores tend to be more objective thanteachers or school districts. Colleges are afraid that an easy high school or an easy teacher will give a popular athletestrong grades despite her performance being poor. The internal politics of the college also revolve around ensuring that the stellar extracurricular student can pass everything. If you’re a basketball star, you don’t need to be getting an A in Organic Chemistry. If you’re a math genius, you don’t need to be writing research papers on Voltaire. However, if you start failing out of classes, that will embarrass your future coach. Having an ACT / SAT cutoff is supposed to reduce admitting students like this. When aiming for the SAT / ACT quotas, you should take the test in ways that are different from usual. Suppose you’re reasonably sure that you’ll hit the quota. Then you’re in a good position, and the name of the game is to play it safe and don’t waste time. Unless you are really above the cutoff by a ton, it’s useful to do some ACT / SAT prep. The prep will take just a few hours (no more than 40 hours, or the same amount of time as 1-2 weeks of rigorous sports practice), and it will very effectively improve your score. You don’t want a program that interrupts your sports training; classes that make you miss practice are a bad idea. Now, suppose you’re getting much lower scores than your quota. For example, you usually score a 28, but the quota is a 30. First, it would an extremely good idea to prep in this case because this one number literally will make or break everything.Most students don’t have the good fortune to be told an ACT score can (virtually) guarantee them admissions. You do have that opportunity, so the gains test prep can give you matter more than ever. Second, you will want to take the ACT / SAT as many times as you need so you can maximize your chance of getting above that score. Each time you take the exam, you will want to have higher variance. Try out different strategies read the passage before the questions during one test and vice versa during another. Any strategy that increases the volatility of your score will increase your maximum score attained, and thus your overall chances of getting over the quota. You should invest every bit of time you need in SAT / ACT prep to hit the quota because if you miss it, at least for admissions to that college, all your talent and hard work in that sport or activity will have amounted to nothing. While having so much depend on the ACT / SAT hardly seems fair, it’s actually an advantageous position to be in because the quota is likely a lot less than what you’d need to get if you were applying normally to that university! Conclusion For students who are strong at extracurriculars, here's a handy chart to guide you through the test prep and college admission process: Advice Strength at Extracurriculars Moderate Academically (90%tile) Strong Academically (90%tile) Relatively Good: Percentile-wise, extracurriculars at least 3x stronger than academics. Academics is your first priority. Focus on SAT / ACT prep while maintaining extracurriculars. Your single best extracurricular is the priority. Get low hanging academic fruit like SAT / ACT prep. Stellar: Top 500 in the US (in a popular activity) See if your stellar extracurriculars qualify you for special admissions. Otherwise, focus equally on improving extracurriculars and academics. Your single best extracurricular is the priority. However, make sure your academics don’t fall too far below extracurriculars. Recruited: Your mentor in your field tells you about special circumstances Follow recruiter guidelines. SAT / ACT quota likely. Take the SAT / ACT multiple times. Follow recruiter guidelines. SAT / ACT quota likely. Take the SAT / ACT safely. Most students who are strong in extracurriculars are in the Relatively Good category, as opposed to the absolutely Stellar category (and that’s not a problem, be proud of your strength!). In the Relatively Good category, those who fall below the 90th percentile are urged to focus mainly on academics. At your target colleges, academics are still the bread and butter, and extracurriculars are merely a garnish. Push academics as hard as you can, and often that will mean SAT / ACT prep. If you are already academically strong, though, you are better off continuing to improve your extracurricular. For students with Stellar extracurriculars, it’s always worthwhile to see if you can berecruited or get special admission requirements. At this point, you should be very careful to keep your extracurricular top-notch.If your academics are moderate, though, they will hold you back improve to at least 90 percentile. Once you’re at 90%, extracurriculars become more important, unless you become so good at extracurriculars that it makes sense to notch up academics just a bit more. Finally, recruited students and special admissions students you have the best deal of the bunch. Follow the advice that your recruiters and mentors give you, and remember that, as a general rule, put your extracurricular first. For students of all types, SAT / ACT prep is a relatively low hanging fruit a fast and efficient way to improve your academic standing. What's Next? Want more information on athletic recruiting?Check out our guide which goes throughthe entire process, from beginning to end. Looking for ways to strengthenyour extracurriculars?Check out four examples of amazing extracurricular activities that are sure to impress colleges. Want more tips for test prep?We have lots of guides for SAT prep and ACT prep!

Experience Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experience Assignment - Essay Example Since the far-reaching economic reforms from the late 1960s, growth has fuelled a remarkable increase in per capita income and at the same time, however, income disparities have increased. The growing income inequality is illustrated clearly by the living standards between the urban and the rural areas. The last three decades have seen unprecedented progress when it comes to reducing extreme poverty around the world, but there is still an awful lot more to be done. However, as the World Bank still points out, there are still roughly 1.3 billion people completely destitute, including about 400 million children. People around the world in â€Å"extreme poverty† tend to lack enough food to meet basic physical and mental needs. Judging from the daily incomes of the extremely poor around the world, extreme poverty is getting less deep. Poverty for middle and high income countries fell more than 50 percent since 1982. When one looks closely st the recent progress in the developing world, much of it is mostly attributed to countries like China, and to a lesser extent, India, whose amped up economic growth in recent years reduced their poverty rates. By contrast, extreme poverty in the 35 â€Å"low-income† countries fell by less than 33 percent. Aside from China and India, In dividuals living in extreme poverty in the developing world, today appear to be as poor as those living in extreme poverty thirty years ago, as the World bank puts it. Instead of asking myself which car should I buy, or what clothes should I wear or which different restaurant should I visit next, living on less than t $5 forces one to really have a tight budget as you cannot afford the luxuries that some of us do take for granted at times. When money is tight, we have to make whatever we have to stretch and lesser money means smaller, simpler meals. In this day and era, it is impossible to live without a

Motivating the Employees Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivating the Employees - Case Study Example If Maryann is solely responsible for such behavior, then Burt can set Harriet Simon, who had always maintained the reports properly, as an example. However, Maryann failed to properly record the data, and this created grievances among the employees. Such irresponsible behavior by Maryann can considerably reduce the productivity of the employees. Burt needs to communicate to Maryann that such incident occurring due to her actions might lower the morale of the staff. In order to correct the irresponsible behavior of Maryann, it is quite imperative for Burt to act immediately – to identify the reasons for her actions and take corresponding measures to improve the behavior of Maryann and thus stimulate responsible work. Maryann must be reminded of the policies and the procedures of the company that she is supposed to abide by. The meeting can be conducted with Maryann and other employees to discuss the incidents of irresponsibility. During this meeting, the impacts of such unfavor able scenario on the organizational productivity should be addressed and certain corrective strategies developed. Burt could have prevented the dilemma by making his viewpoints apparent to Maryann at the time when he realized that the attitude of Maryann was quite unfavorable and she was incapable of accomplishing the delegated task. If Burt had corrected Maryann at the time she committed a mistake, he would have conveniently prevented the dilemma from occurring. If the evidence of poor performance had been produced before Maryann, the matter would have been resolved. When the evidence reveals the fact that there is an issue with an individual’s performance in terms of conduct, then it is necessary to refer to an organization’s disciplinary procedure. Training and coaching could have been offered to Maryann in order to improve her skills. Through adequate mentoring, Burt could have developed the knowledge  and the skills of Maryann. It is apparent from the case that Maryann was not serious enough and also did not properly focus on her job responsibilities.  

Operations Management for Market Leadership

Operations Management for Market Leadership Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Overview Operations management is deemed to be an integral part of the day-to-day business process and services delivery of organizations irrespective of the industry in which they are operating as argued by Slack et al (2005)[1]. This makes it clear that the effective use of the resources and technology in order to ensure prompt delivery of the promised services to the customers is not only elemental for the sustainability of the business but also the core deliverable that can be achieved only through effective operations management (Slack et al, 2006[2]). Tourism in the global market has seen tremendous growth with the increase in the affordability and the demand for new destinations in the market from all levels of the market (Yu, 1997[3]). The increase in the level of package tours and the number of holidaymakers visiting places abroad since the dawn of the twenty-first century justifies the aforementioned (Dempsey and Gesell, 2007[4]). It is further evident from the arguments of Dempsey and Gesell (2007) that the increase in the tourism industry is mainly influenced by the level of affordability and convenience provided through flight services across the globe mainly in the form of economy flights. This makes it clear that effective operations management in the tourism industry especially in the airways business segment of the industry is a key element that has a direct impact on the tourism industry in a given geographical location (Barnes, 2007[5]). The growth of economy and low fare flight services to a variety of destinations across the European Union and across the Atlantic further makes it clear that a airline operator cannot achieve market leadership through pricing strategies but only through distinguishing itself from others through quality of service offered. In this report a critical analysis on the use of effective operations management practises to achieve competitive advantage through improving business operations at British Airways Plc is presented t o the reader. 1.2 Aim and Objectives Aim – The aim of this report is to present a critical analysis on the use of operations management concepts to achieve sustainable market leadership and growth at British Airways in the Tourism Industry. Objectives The above aim is accomplished through focusing the report on the following research objectives To present a literature review on the key concepts associated with the operations management in the tourism industry focusing on the airlines business. To present a company profile on British Airways and the company’s operations management. To present a discussion on the areas of development for British Airways and the implementation of the Operations Management concepts presented in the literature review. 1.3: Research Scope and Methodology The scope of the research is restricted to the airlines business segment of the tourism industry as opposed to the airways operations as a industry in itself. This is due to the fact that the case of former involves the operations management from a quality of service perspective whilst the latter also involves the industry standards and regulatory aspects of the business. The research methodology is qualitative in nature as the application of the operations management concepts at British Airways to actually test its viability and the results of the implementation requires higher level of commitment from the company which is unavailable for this academic research. The research hence uses secondary research resources to deliver the research on the chosen topic. 1.4 Chapter Overview Chapter 1 – Introduction This is the current chapter that presents the research aim and objectives alongside a brief introduction on the nature of the research being conducted. Chapter 2 – Literature Review This chapter presents the key concepts of Operations management and their role in the tourism industry focusing on the airlines business segment. The purpose of this chapter is to present an insight on the Operations Management concepts at a theoretical level prior to conducting the company profile of British Airways in chapter 3. Chapter 3 – Case Study This chapter commences with a company profile on British Airways (BA) Plc followed by a detailed analysis of its business operations and the current operations management strategies deployed. The aim of this chapter to present a critical analysis on the issues faced by the operator in the UK and the global market in terms of effective operations management to deliver quality service to its customers. Chapter 4 – Discussion This chapter presents a discussion on the theories and the research presented in the chapters 2 and 3. The discussion presented aims to justify whether the theory discussed in the literature review can be accomplished in case of BA. This chapter also aims to present a discussion on the benefits that can be realised through the implementation of the operations management concepts as part of the BA business operations’ management. Chapter 5 – Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter presents a review of the objectives initially to assess the relevance of the research conducted in relation to the set objectives. This is followed by the conclusions drawn on the research and recommendations for both the intended audience and for further research. Chapter 2 – Literature Review 2.1: Introduction Operations management in the tourism industry is a major aspect that is not only integral to the business of the organizations in the industry but also the core element that dictates the mere existence of the competing organization (Barnes, 2007). This is naturally because of the fact that the operations management forms majority of the service management strategies of any organizations (Barnes, 2007). The prompt and effective delivery of the services promised to the customers is deemed to be the key for achieving competitive advantage in the tourism industry as well as t he hospitality industry as a whole (Fenn, 2008[6]). This makes it clear that the operations management in the strategies of the organizations in the tourism industry where travel by both the holiday makers and professionals are fused together, is critical for successful delivery of the products and services. Unlike retail/wholesale manufacturing industries, operations management in the tourism industry does not have a physical product for delivery through the use of logistics mechanisms but actually depends on the logistics and transportation strategies for customising the products and services to the intended customer (Fenn, 2008). This is naturally because of the fact that the tourism industry is integral to the transportation and logistics management for both the travellers/tourists and baggage handling as argued by Baxter (2007)[7]. This makes it clear that the operations management in the tourism industry mainly in the air-travel business segment is dependant on the application of the logistics and transportation management concepts from a services delivery perspective as opposed to merely delivering the products using a Just-in-Time or similar delivery strategy (Fenn, 2008). Core concepts of Operations management Clark and Johnston (2005)[8] argue that the overall operations management in a given organization predominantly revolve around the following core concepts Product and Service Management Quality Management Inventory Management Logistics and Transportation Management Facilities Management Configuration Management These are discussed in the subsequent sections of this chapter in the light of operations management in the airlines industry. 2.2: Product and Service Management The product and service management in the world of operations management is mainly concerned with the configuration and delivery of the services post purchase by the customer (Wild et al, 2005). This makes it clear that the product management in the case of operations management is the actual process of defining the timelines associated, costs and the service level agreements associated for the delivery of the product as an operations’ service to the customers by a given business organization. For instance, in a online retail scenario where the delivery of the goods purchased by the customers over the Internet is delivered using a logistics service provider by the retailer, the service level agreement of the retailer with the supplier must ensure that the guarantee to the customer is achievable under typical operational conditions of the business (Baxter, 2007). In case of the airline industry the major aspect associated with the delivery of the aforementioned products/services is that the product sold is in itself is realised as a service rendered to the buyer/customer. This makes it clear that the effective management of the operations by the airline operator is critical to ensure that the services purchased by the customers are delivered effectively. For example, a ticket or package tour purchased by a customer as a product is also the service experienced by the customer during the course of the journey. This further makes it evident that the operations management is not merely prompt delivery of the product but actually its appropriate planning and implementation in case of the airline operations in the tourism industry. The product and services management in the operations management of any organization involves three major aspects as discussed below: Definition – The definition of the product or service intended to sell to the customer is the first and most critical element associated with the product and service management as argued by Slack et al (2006)[9]. The product definition in the tourism industry involves the definition of the scope of the product and its intended value addition for the customer or the buyer as argued by Fenn (2008). The product definition also involves the process of ensuring that the requirements of the customers are met with by the service provider in case of the tourism industry. This is because of the fact that the services offered are measured by the customer who directly experiences them as part of the delivery of the product or service as argued by Fenn (2008). This first-hand response element of the customer feedback and their perception associated with the tourism industry is the major element that attributes to the need for a stable product definition. The airline operations in particular is one of the business segments where the first-hand response of the customer is not only part of the services offered but also in terms of the delivery of the service and associated tasks like the baggage handling, check-in and in-flight services including food and beverages offered as argued by Baxter (2006)[10]. Yet another element associated with the operations management in the airline industry as part of the product definition is the extent to which the service provider is prompt in the delivery of the services defined as part of the product. In case of the airline industry this is a critical aspect owing to the fact that the tourists and other travellers using the airline service depend entirely on the effectiveness of the operator in handling the safety and security of the passengers as well as their belongings in terms of checked-in baggage, hand baggage etc. As the traveller on holiday using the airline service to reach the destination will require his/her checked-in baggage in order to continue with their vacation without hindrance, the aforementioned justifies the need for a stable product definition. Another critical aspect associated with the product definition in the tourism industry is the need to ensure that the customer requirements are not only catered for but also to ensure that the services delivered as part of the business process is managed effectively at the operational level as argued by Baxter (2007). As mentioned before the case of tourism industry in general mainly involves the customer experiencing the services delivered first-hand. In other words the operations management in the tourism industry is not a behind-the-screen process but performed in front of the customer itself (Baxter, 2007). Design – The design phase of the product or service involved in the airline industry of the tourism business is a key aspect that involves a variety of long-term, short-term and day-to-day operational decisions as argued by Clark and Johnston (2005). The design phase of the product or the service is deemed as the actual planning involved with the scoping and delivery of the product or service defined at the product definition. In the case of airline operations business, the key elements that influence the design include from long-terms aspects like infrastructure, location, facilities up to day-to-day operational activities like the provision of food and facilities in-flight as well as the handling of baggage at the airport terminals both at departure and arrival ends of the journey as argued by Baxter (2007). The long-term decisions in the operations management of the airline operations involve Location – The location of the airport and the associated infrastructure to ensure the flight handling on a day-to-day basis without affecting the domestic life of the general public is the critical element associated with the product design for the airline operators on a long-term basis. This is evident from the case of many airlines managing the infrastructure and operations of the international airports of key destinations. Lufthansa’s role in managing the Frankfurt Airport in Germany, the management of Dubai International Airport by Emirates and responsibility of managing key international airports in the UK by British Airways including London Heathrow airport are classical examples for the aforementioned. Infrastructure – The infrastructure associated with the setting-up and the continuous maintenance of the airport is the second long-term element that influences the effectiveness of the tourism operations management by any airline operator in a given location. The infrastructure maintenance includes the installation of the security, baggage handling, staffing and mainly the handling of flight take-off and landing at airport terminals to ensure the smooth transfer of passengers from or into the aircraft as applicable (Dempsey and Gesell, 2007). Apart from the aforementioned, the key long-term element associated with the product design is the ability to improve and accommodate to changes in the external business environment in order to cater for the demands from the customers (or travellers) in the target market. The increase in the prominence of cheap flight services for the trans-Atlantic and European Union destinations for tourism is an example that justifies the aforementioned. With the increase in cheap flight services, the density of air-travellers in the western nations to various foreign destinations for vacation has increased tremendously (Baxter, 2007). This increase in the passenger density through airports which is also due to the growth in the affordability and the rising economic growth across the globe as a result of out-sourcing is one of the key long-term elements that influenced the construction of Terminal 5 at the London Heathrow airport. The opening of the Terminal 5 at the Heathrow airport has provided the British Airways flight operator the opportunity to utilise the infrastructure to consolidate the operations of all BA flights (long and short-haul) from a single Terminal at the Heathrow airport thus establishing the company’s brand identity effectively in the UK and global commercial aviation market. Delivery – The delivery of the services in the airline operations industry is the final and the most critical element in the case of the product and service management as argued by Slack et al (2006). Apart from the fact that the customer experiences the operations management strategy first-hand as part of the journey travelled, the delivery element also accompanies the services and facilities offered to the customers as part of the operations and their ability to meet the customer requirements (Slack et al, 2005). Footnotes [1] Slack, N.; Chambers, C.; and Johnston, A.B.R (2005), Operations Process Management: Principles and Practice for Strategic Impact, Prentice Hall [2] Slack et al (2006), Operations Management, Prentice Hall Ltd [3] Yu, G (1997), Operations Research in the Airline Industry (International Series in Operations Research Management Science), Kluwer Academic Publishers [4] Dempsey and Gesell (2007), Airline Management: Strategies for the 21st Century – 2nd Edition, Coast Aire Pubns [5] Barnes (2007), Operations Management, Cengage Learning [6] Fenn, D (2008), Travel Tourism Market – Market Review 2008, Key Note Ltd [7] Baxter, J. (2007), Travel Tourism Market – Market Review 2007, Key Note Ltd [8] Clark, G; and Johnston, R (2005), Service Operations Management: Improving Service Delivery, Prentice Hall [9] Slack, N.; Chambers, C.; and Johnston, R.; (2006), Operations Management, Prentice Hall [10] Baxter, J. (2006), Travel and Tourism Market – Market Review 2006, Key Note Ltd